中国科学院西双版纳热带植物园.pdf
中国科学院西双版纳热带植物园.pdf
How to be a conservation garden? Jin CHEN Director Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences (XTBG) Chairman Chinese Union of Botanical Gardens (CUBG) 5th Global Botanic Gardens Congress, New Zealand 20-25 October, 2013 Botanic gardens are institutions holding documented collections of living plants for the purposes of scientific research, conservation, display and education. Types of BGs (Wyse Jackson 2000) 1. ‘Classic’ multi-purpose gardens 2. Ornamental gardens 3. Historical gardens 4. Conservation gardens 5. University gardens 6. Combined botanical and zoological gardens 7. Agro-botanical germplasm gardens 8. Alpine or mountain gardens 9. Natural or wild gardens 10. Horticultural gardens 11. Thematic gardens 12. Community gardens PART ONE Why conservation oriented garden needed? From BGs „ developmental history, the original purpose for setting up botanical gardens was not for conservation The distribution for botanical gardens worldwide is not in cording to plant diversity Today, the new BGs (in China) set up are often still city garden and display oriented gardens Climate change call for new actions by conservation gardens It still needs more discussion on the principles, guideline and practices on conservation oriented BGs Kier et al. (2005) J. Biogeogr. From BGCI website, totally 3163 BGs Hulme, P.E. (2011) Trends in Ecology & Evolution Over 300 botanists working out a new version for the Red list plants in China, 3767 (11% ) of native plant species (35610) in the in Red list (CR, EN,VU） Source: http://www.zhb.gov.cn/gkml/hbb/b gg/201309/t20130912_260061.htm ‘HIPPO’ was still the major drivers for causing plant species endangered in China Factors Number of species % of total endangere d species Habitats loss or degradation Over harvest 2116 60 963 27.3 Environmental pollution Nature disaster and climate change Biological characters 17 39 0.5 1.1 357 10.1 Species interaction 33 0.9 Source: http://www.zhb.gov.cn/gkml/hbb/bgg/201309/t20130912_260061.htm The projected timing of climate departure from recent variability. C Mora et al. Nature 502, 183-187 (2013) doi:10.1038/nature12540 The answer is unfortunately: NO Nature 2004, 427:145-148 • Wolfs are really coming! • It is estimated climate change would be the top one reason that causing species extinction • If human being make ourselves ready to meet this challenges? • Can BGs(especially conservation gardens) act as Noah's Ark for plant conservation in this planet? Climate change: new challenges & Opportunities for BGs Climate research and education – Phenology – Physiology and anatomy – Invasive species – Public awareness – Assisted migration Assisted migration, can it work? …They comment that „With migration rates of -0.1-5 km per year required for geographic ranges to track climate change over the next century, we expect nurseries and gardens to provide a substantial head start on such migration for many native plants. While conservation biologists actively debate whether we should intentionally provide “assisted migration”, it is clear that we have already done so for a large number of species‟ PART II How to design and run a conservation garden? Location Conservation gardens should be more located in those region with 1) high ɑ and ßplants diversity 2) high possibility of climate change 3) highly human disturbance Distribution of endangered species across China (IUCN category: CR+EN+VU) Source: http://www.zhb.gov.cn/gkml/hbb/bgg/201309/t20130912_260061.htm Tang, Z. et al. (2012) Ecography Wang X.P., et. Al. (2012) Ecography Sites Free of being urbanized, ideally surrounding by natural forest or natural habitats Relatively large area Microhabitats diversity Other components for a general garden(deep soil, water supply, logistics, etc.) For existing BGs, their conservation function could be enhanced by add new satellite gardens Less than 10% of BGs with area > 100 ha, while more than 70% of BGs with area < 30 ha. Pautasso & Parmentier (2007) Bot. Helv. How to run a conservation garden Collections Collections Outreach & research Maintenance – Focus on local plant species – More strict control for quality of samples – Species distribution modeling and climate change effect – Genetic markers used for capture genetic diversity and understanding genetic introgression in collections RAPD indicated 88.3% of genetic diversity in wild has been captured in XTBG collection Interspecific hybridization events were detected in seven out of eight maternal trees of S. xylocarpa, and an average of 32.7% seeds collected from maternal trees of S. xylocarpa were hybrids How to run a conservation garden Maintenance Collections Always organic and recycling approach, making the garden Outreach & more „noisy‟ and „wild‟ research Proper intensity of horticulture Landscape architecture approach attracting visitors Maintenance Conservation garden is a good place to environmental education and nature experiencing Flower garden in XTBG, a landscape approach 观鸟活动 Bird watching has been conducted in several BGs in China, such as South China BG, Wuhan BG, Xia Men BG, Fairy Lake BG Night watching has becoming a attracting natural experiences program to kids in many Chinese BGs, such as XTBG, Chensan BG, Zhongsan BG, etc. How to run a conservation garden Outreach & research Collections Provide leadership in local biodiversity conservation, creating collective efforts Outreach & research Be relevant to all stakeholders, especially decision makers, from both local, regional, and national Maintenance Knowledge innovation center for conservation science PART III BGs based conservation in China: New Initiatives Xishuangbanna 19000 Km2 1.2 million population Tropical to subtropical Tropical rainforest Biodiversity:1/6(plant), ¼ (animal) of China Cultural diversity:12 ethnic groups ‘Zero extinction’ program in xishuangbanna 1. Developing a theoretical understanding of the problems facing the native flora; 2. Identifying practicable solutions to these problems, using . all the available tools; 3. Building the capacity and public support needed for their effective implementation. Overall, we wish to create a flagship conservation program for XTBG and a model for using the entire ‘conservation toolbox’ for regional biodiversity conservation Research priorities: 1. Assessing the conservation status of all native plant species in Xishuangbanna and setting priorities for conservation. 2. Prioritizing forest fragments for in situ protection. 3. Ex situ conservation of endangered plant species, by seed storage and as growing plants. 4. Reintroduction of rare and endangered species to natural habitats. 5. Enhancement of the effectiveness of environmental education. In November, 2012, we did an 1-week expert assessment of the conservation status of the 4200 flowering plant species native to Xishuangbanna. Life form Category Bamboo Liana Herb Shrub Tree 1 EX Total 1 CR 4 20 6 13 43 EN 10 78 26 26 140 VU 5 94 176 151 164 590 LC 24 435 1216 687 532 2894 DD 17 87 198 151 79 532 Total 46 630 1689 1021 814 4200 Field survey Verify the distribution information about species categories 1-3 based on the discussion and herbarium information Reporting Distribution of target species Adjust the degree of categories Proposal for new protection area New species, new distribution Next steps: • Proposal for new protected area(community based management) to government based on species distribution of category 1-3 • Living collection ex-situ conservation for 1-3 with possible consideration for population diversity, seed storage for all category 1-4(except recalcitrant seeds) • Reintroduction program for category 1-2 • Species distribution model and climate change taking into account for category 1-4 • E-flora and community participatory restoration program Reintroduction for orchids Totally over 100 species of orchids under reintroduction program among 429 native orchid species From zero extinction to cover-all protection initiative Totally, 67 BGs has registered as CUBG members 2013-2015 – Extending to 4 BGs and areas 2016-2022 – Extending 25-30 BGs throughout the country In Conclusion Conservation oriented BGs may differ in its criteria and management strategies to traditional BGs Under the scenario of climate change, conservation gardens may bring BGs community into a new ere of development, allowing BGs providing much more critical role in ensuring the sustainability of the planet Thanks Conference committee for inviting this talk My colleagues, Richard Corlett, Zhou H, Gao JY, Tao GD, Ferry Slik, etc. for co-developing the zero extinction idea Photos from Duan QW, Xu YK, He H Hu HB for preparing some of the figures Thanks for your attention! http://www.xtbg.ac.cn XTBG research center